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Kashmir Smast
The Kashmir Smast caves, also called Kashmir Smats, are a series of natural limestone caves, artificially expanded from the Kushan to the Shahi periods, situated in the Babozai and Pirsai mountains in the Mardan Valley in Northern Pakistan. According to recent scholarship based on a rare series of bronze coins and artifacts found in the region, the caves and their adjacent valley probably comprised a sovereign kingdom in Gandhara which maintained at least partial independence for almost 500 years, from c. 4th century AD to the 9th century AD.〔Waleed Ziad (2006), "Treasures of Kashmir Smast, followed by interview with Ijaz Khan" in ''Oriental Numismatic Society Journal- Volume 187''〕 For most of its history, it was ruled by White Hun (or Hephthalite) governors or princes.
==Name==
"Smast" is a mistranscription of the Pashto word for 'cave,' which is actually ''smats'' ((パシュトー語:سمڅ)).〔(Pashto - English Larg Dictionary ); M.G. Aslanov, ''Pushtu-russkii slovar'' (Moscow: "Russkii yazyk", 1985), p. 522 (سمڅ смəц); and, e.g., Edward George G. Hastings, ''Report of the Regular Settlement of the Peshawar District of the Punjab'' (Central Jail Press, 1878), p. 16: "Smats is the Pashto word for cave."〕
As for "Kashmir", the Gazetteer of the Peshawar district 1897-1898 describes that “the name (Smast ) may be derived from the fact that the gorge here is fairly and picturesquely wooded, and this may have suggested Kashmir.” Another explanation is that according to legend, the network caves was so vast that it stretched from Gandhara to the kingdom of Kashmir.〔( Hephthalite History and Coins of the Kashmir Smast Kingdom- Waleed Ziad )〕
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